66 Cards in this Set
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The AP Physics 1 Exam will continue to have consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. The overall format of the exam—including the weighting, timing, types of questions, and types of stimulus materials—won’t change. Section 1: Multiple Choice.
What is the velocity of an object if you only know its acceleration, ∆time and initial speed? | |
What is the velocity of an object if you only know its acceleration, ∆time, and displacement? | |
What is the force of friction always less than or equal to? | µN (coefficient of friction times the normal force) |
What is the equation for centripetal acceleration? | |
J=F∆t=∆p (impulse = force * time = change in momentum) | |
What is the formula for the potential energy of a falling object? | |
F*d*cosθ (force times distance (distance can also be a radius) times cosine theta) | |
What is the equation for power (at a given instant)? | P=Fv*cosθ (power = force * velocity * cosine theta) |
What equation can you use to fin d the spring constant? | F=(-k)x (force = negative spring constant * displacement) |
What is the potential energy of a vertical spring? | ½kx² (half of the spring constant times the displacement squared) |
2π√(m/k) (2 pi times the square root of the mass (hanging) divided by the spring constant) | |
2π√(l/g) (2 pi times the square root of the length divided by gravity - mass is irrelevant) | |
What is the period equal to (in terms of frequency)? | |
What is the equation for the force of gravity acting in between two objects? | -G(m1)(m2)/r² (negtative) universal gravitational constant (G) times the first mass, times the second mass divided by the distance between the two objects squared |
What is the gravitational potential energy between two objects? | -G(m1)(m2)/r (negative) universal gravational constant (G) times the first mass times the second mass divided by the distance between the two objects |
F= 1/4πεₒ * (q1)(q2)/r² (force equals one over 4 * pi * the vacuum permittivity constant, times the first charge * the second charge divided by the distance between the charges squared) | |
E=F/q (electric field is equal to force divided by charge) | |
What is the potential energy of an electric field? | UE=qV=F= 1/4πεₒ * (q1)(q2)/r (potential energy = charge * voltage = force equals one over 4 * pi * the vacuum permittivity constant, times the first charge * the second charge divided by the distance between the charges) |
What is the equation for finding the average electronic field? | |
What is the incredibly disgusting definition of voltage? | V=1/4πεₒ Σ(qi/ri) (voltage is equal to one over 4 * pi * the vacuum permittivity constant times all of the point charges' charge divided by all of the point charges' distance |
C=Q/V (capacitance = charge / voltage) or εₒA --- d (vacuum permittivity constant * area divided by separation between two locations) | |
What is the equation for potential/stored energy in a capacitor? | Uc=½QV=½CV² (capacitor PE = one half time charge * voltage = one half times capacitance * voltage squared) |
∆Q/∆t (change in charge divided by change in time) | |
What is the equation for resistance?* *not used by Thor | ρl/A (resistance = resistivity * length divided by area) |
How does one find the total capacitance of capacitors in parallel? | Add them up and treat them as one capacitor (much like resistors in a series circuit) |
How does one find the total capacitance of capacitors in series? | It is equal to the reciprocal of the sum all the reciprocals of the capacitors' capacitance (confusing enough wording?) 1 1 1 -=-+-... C a b a and b being the capacitances of capacitors |
How does one find the total resistance of resistors in a series circuit? | |
How does one find the total resistance of resistors in parallel? | It is equal to the reciprocal of the sum all the reciprocals of the resistors' resistance (confusing enough wording?) 1 1 1 -=-+-... R a b a and b being the resistance of the resistors |
What is the equation for the force of a magnetic field? | FB=qvB*sinθ (charge * velocity * magnetic field * sin theta) or FB=BIl*sinθ (magnetic field * current * length * sin theta) |
What is the equation to find the magnetic field (in point charges)? | µθ I --*- 2π r (vacuum permittivity constant divided by 2 pi times current divided by distance) |
What is the equation for average electromagnetic field (ε)? | -∆ϕ --- ∆t (the change in magnetic field divided by the change in time) |
What is the equation for an electromagnetic field? | |
What is the equation for pressure?* *Thor didn't use this much at all | P=Pₒ+ρgh (pressure = initial pressure + density * gravity * height) |
What's the relationship between two areas and volumes of a liquid? | (A1)(V1)=(A2)(V2) (area 1 * volume 1 = area 2 * volume 2) |
What is a constant you can form from a gas pressure? (this question sucks, sorry) | P+ρgy+½ρv² = a constant (pressure + density * gravity * height + one half of the density times velocity squared) |
What is the equation for the change in length of an object (while it's heating up/cooling)? | ∆l=alₒ∆T (change in length = coefficient of linear expansion times the initial length times the change in temperature) |
What is the equation for the rate of heat transfer? | kA∆T ---- L (thermal conductivity times area times change in time divided by thickness) |
PV=nRT=N(Kb)T (pressure * volume = number of moles * universal gas constant * temperature)= number of molecules * boltzmann's constant * temperature) | |
What is the equation for average molecular kinetic energy? | K=(3/2)(Kb)T (average molecular kinetic energy = 1.5 * boltzmann's constant * the temperature) |
What is the equation for the root-mean-square velocity (in thermal physics)? | Vrms=√(3RT/M)=√(3(Kb)T/µ) (square root of 3 * the universal gas constant * the temperature divided by molar mass = the square root of 3 times boltzmann's constant * the temperature divided by the mass of the molecule) |
What is the equation for work done on a thermal system? | W=-P∆V (work = negative pressure times change in volume) |
What is the equation for the change of internal energy of a thermal system? | ∆U=Q+W (change in thermal energy = heat transferred to the system + work done on the system) |
What is the equation for efficiency (of heat engines and the like)? | e=abs(W/(Qh)) (efficiency = the absolute value of the work done on the system divided by the heat transferred to the system) |
Th-Tc ----- Th (hot temp - cold temp / hot temp) | |
What is the equation for the index of refraction of a substance? | n=c/v (index of refraction = speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in the substance) |
What is the equation/guideline for the refraction of light? | (n1)sinθ1=(n2)sinθ2 (the index of refraction of the first substance times the sine of the angle (to the normal) = the index of refraction of the second substance times the sine of the second angle (to the normal) |
What is the equation for the critical angle of a substance? | sinθ=n2/n1 (n1>n2) (the sine of the critical angle is equal to the first index of refraction of a substance divided by the second) |
1 1 1 -=--+-- f do di (the reciprocal of the focal length is equal to the reciprocal of the object distance + the reciprocal of the image distance (don't forget to take the reciprocal of 1/do + 1/di when you're done adding them!) or f=R/2 (focal length = radius (of curvature)/2) | |
What is the formula for the magnification of an object? | hi -si --=-- hₒ sₒ (magnification = height of image divided by height of object or distance of image to lens from object to lens) |
What is the equation for double-slit interference? | dsinθ=mλ (separation between slits * sine of the angle = maxima # or an integer * wavelength) |
What is the equation for the separation between maxima? | mλL --- d (an integer or maxima # * wavelength * distance divided by separation) |
E=hf=pc (energy = planck's constant * frequency = momentum * speed of light in a vacuum) | |
What is the maximum kinetic energy of a particle? | Kmax=hf-ϕ (max KE = planck's constant * frequency - work function) |
λ=h/p (wavelength = planck's constant / momentum) | |
What is the equation for the change in energy of a particle? | ∆E=(∆m)c² (change in energy = change in mass * the speed of light in a vacuum squared) |
Here’s a list of some of the most important equations in Physics II courses. You can use these physics formulas as a quick reference for when you’re solving problems in electricity and magnetism, light waves and optics, special relativity, and modern physics.
Physics Equations for Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and magnetism make up one of the most successful fields of study in physics. When working mathematically with electricity and magnetism, you can figure out the force between electric charges, the magnetic field from wires, and more. Keep the following equations handy as you study these topics:
Light Wave and Optics Formulas
Light waves — that is, electromagnetic waves — behave like other waves: They can reflect, refract (bend), and interfere with each other. Here are some wave formulas that are useful when you’re working with optics. You can determine the wave frequency and period, predict how fast light travels in various materials, and determine how light will bend in lenses and bounce off mirrors.
Formulas from Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity
Einstein’s theory of special relativity describes what happens as things near the speed of light. Here are some important special-relativity equations that deal with time dilation, length contraction, and more.
Quantum Mechanics and Other Modern Physics Topics
Modern physics includes all sorts of topics, such as quantum mechanics, matter waves, radioactivity, the spectrum of hydrogen, and more.